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Muslim Criminal Law
Punishment for adultery, murder and apostasy
On the authority of Hadrat Ibn Mas‘ud (may Allah be pleased with him) who said: Allah’s Prophetic Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) said: The blood of a Muslim may not be legally spilt other than in one of three (instances): the married person who commits adultery, a life for a life, and one who forsakes his religion and abandons the community. (al-Bukhari and Muslim)
Punishment for adultery and fornication
Hadrat Zayd bin Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) said that he heard Allah’s Prophetic Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) giving command that an unmarried man who committed fornication should receive a hundred lashes and be banished for a year. (al-Bukhari)
Sayyidina ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Allah (The Glorified and The Exalted) sent Muhammad (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) with the truth and sent down the Book to him, and the verse of stoning was included in what Allah, Most High, sent down. Allah’s Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) had people stoned to death and we have done it also since he passed away. Stoning is a duty laid down in Allah’s Book for married men and women who commit adultery when proof is established, or if there is pregnancy, or a confession. (al-Bukhari and Muslim)
Hadrat ‘Abdallah bin ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Jews came to Allah’s Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) and mentioned to him that a man and a woman from among them had committed adultery. He asked them what they found in the Tawrat (Torah) about stoning and they replied that they should disgrace them and that they should be beaten. Hadrat ‘Abdallah bin Salam (may Allah be pleased with him) then said, “You lie; it contains instruction that they should be stoned to death, so bring the Torah.” They spread it out, and one of them put his hand over the verse of stoning and read what preceded it and what followed it. Hadrat ‘Abdallah bin Salam (may Allah be pleased with him) asked him to lift his hand and when he did so, the verse of stoning was seen to be in it. Then they said, “He has spoken the truth, Muhammad; the verse of stoning is in it.” The Prophet (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) then gave command regarding them and they were stoned to death. In a version it says that he asked him to lift his hand and that when he did so, the verse of stoning was clearly in it. The man then said, “Muhammad, it contains the verse of stoning, but we have been concealing it from one another.” He then gave command regarding them and they were stoned to death. (al-Bukhari and Muslim)
Hadrat ‘Abdallah bin Abi Mulaykah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that a woman came to Allah’s Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) and said to him: I have committed adultery and she was pregnant. Allah’s Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) asked her to come after delivery. When she had delivered, she came. He said: Go and come when your child is weaned. She came after weaning. Allah’s Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) said: Go and deliver your child to the care of somebody. She did so and came (back), and she was stoned. (Malik)
Punishment for sodomy
Hadrat Ikrima (may Allah be pleased with him) reported on the authority of Hadrat Ibn ‘Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) that Allah’s Messenger (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) said, “If you find anyone doing as Lot’s people did, kill the one who does it and the one to whom it is done.” (Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah)
Punishment for theft
Hadrat Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) had a thief’s hand cut off for a shield worth three dirhams. (al-Bukhari and Muslim)
Rafi‘ bin Khadij (may Allah be pleased with him) reported the Prophet (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) as saying, “The hand is not to be cut off for taking fruit or the pith of the palm-tree.” (Malik, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, Nasa’i, Darimi and Ibn Majah)
Punishment for drinking liqour
Hadrat Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) gave a beating with palm branches and sandals for drinking wine and that Sayyidina Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) gave forty lashes. (al-Bukhari and Muslim)